English Language Questions for CLAT | QB Set 25

Over the last few days, thousands of tribal farmers from the Palghar and Nashik districts embarked on two separate long marches in Maharashtra. The marches were organised by the All India Kisan Sabha and the Communist Party of India (M) (CPI-M) over pending land rights of the tribals. The Palghar long march started on January 19, and was partially suspended on January 22 after local demands related to administrative intervention were accepted by the district administration. 

But protests continued for the policy-level demands of the tribals, and on January 25, a long march started from Nashik. It was declared successful and withdrawn on January 29. Both the Nashik and Palghar districts have a dominant tribal population.

What are their demands?

The primary demands of the tribals are about their land rights, employment, irrigation and education. They demand that as per the provisions of the Forest Rights Act, 2006, the forest land which they have been tilling for generations, should be made in their name. They have raised concerns over the current format in which land ownership titles have been issued. They claim that the current format in which the government has listed their names on the titles, excluded them from benefiting from any government schemes or institutional loans.

The other demands include the construction of small dams and river-linking projects for irrigation requirements. They state that west-flowing rivers should be arrested with small dams and be diverted to east-flowing rivers to help irrigate regions which have been facing water scarcity. This act, say the tribals, will enable them to take crops throughout the year. They currently take only one seasonal crop of paddy. Additionally, they want agricultural produce apart from paddy, which includes corn, soybean, onion, strawberry, mangoes, ragi, jowar, bajra, etc. to be sold at the Minimum Support Price (MSP).

They have also demanded the completion of pending recruitments under the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), 1996, which will give employment opportunities to educated tribal youth. PESA empowers tribal communities in ‘Scheduled Areas’ with self-governance. The other demands include the filling up of vacant teacher posts and other staff members in Zilla Parishad schools; more education opportunities for tribal children; and 24-hour supply of electricity.

What are the concerns ?

The biggest demand at the heart of all the long marches has been the proper implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006. Tribals have claimed that their individual claim rights are rejected; that they are allotted only a minuscule proportion of the land they actually till, thereby making them ineligible for government schemes. Tribals groups state that at present the record of land ownership is in the name of the entire village, and that their individual names are only mentioned in the village ownership document. They want the ownership record to reflect their individual names. The demands related to irrigation and the implementation of the Forest Rights Act have been constant since 2018. Government sources said that concerns about the allotment of just a fraction of land the tribals tilled were taken cognisance of. They also said that they were looking into the possibility of the digitisation of governance records leading to incongruences and denials in a few cases.

What does the government say?

As per data accessed by The Hindu, over 45% of claims under the Forest Rights Act have been rejected so far. Recently, the Government of Maharashtra held a round of talks with a 15-member delegation of the protestors, consisting of the leaders of the All India Kisan Sabha and the CPI(M). Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis said that the government is positive about resolving the issues. As per 2025 data about the claims under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (presented in the Lok Sabha in July, 2025), Maharashtra has disposed off 3,80,966 of the 4,09,156 claims filed so far. Of the 3,80,966 claims, 2,08,335 titles were distributed, while, 1,72,631 claims were rejected. The pendency in the State is of 28,190 claims.

Government sources indicated that the work on the Act was going on incrementally, while admitting that there was a difference in the interpretation of the Act. Renowned ecologist Madhav Gadgil, who recently passed away, observed in his article published this year that the misinterpretation of the provisions of the Forest Rights Act has led to anomalies. “There is a constant ideological tension between a traditional conservation approach, which resists human presence in forests, and the perspective of the Forest Rights Act, which integrates forest dwellers into conservation and management. This tension reflects a deeper mindset framed as ‘conservation versus forest rights’,” he said in an article published in The India Forum titled Making Forest Conservation Work for Forest Communities co-authored with Vijay Edlabadkar.

Question 1

The primary purpose of describing the two separate long marches from Palghar and Nashik is to:

A. illustrate the scale and coordination of tribal protests across districts
B. contrast the demands of different tribal groups in Maharashtra
C. emphasise the role of political parties in organising protests
D. highlight administrative failures limited to Palghar district

Question 2

Which of the following can be reasonably inferred from the tribals’ concern about the format of land ownership titles?

A. The titles are entirely absent in most tribal areas
B. The current documentation restricts access to institutional benefits
C. The Forest Rights Act does not permit individual ownership
D. Government schemes exclude forest dwellers by design

Question 3

The tribals’ demand for river-linking and small dams mainly reflects their concern about:

A. increasing agricultural exports from the region
B. replacing traditional farming methods
C. ensuring year-round agricultural productivity
D. preventing floods caused by west-flowing rivers

Question 4

The passage suggests that rejection of individual forest rights claims has resulted in tribals:

A. abandoning agriculture entirely
B. migrating to urban areas for employment
C. remaining ineligible for several welfare schemes
D. receiving compensation instead of land titles

Question 5

By quoting Madhav Gadgil’s observations, the author primarily aims to:

A. criticise environmental conservation policies
B. justify delays in implementing the Forest Rights Act
C. explain the ideological conflict underlying policy implementation
D. question the credibility of government data

Answer Key

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. C