Hierarchies of Courts in India

Courts are like different levels of a tower, each with its distinct purpose and authority. These courts form a structured hierarchy, ensuring that cases are heard and decided with precision and fairness. 

Let’s take a closer look at the hierarchies of civil and criminal courts, how they operate and their roles in the justice system.

Civil Courts Hierarchy: Value and Appeals

Civil courts handle disputes that involve money, property, contracts and more. The hierarchy of civil courts is like a pyramid, with different levels based on the value of the dispute and the nature of appeals.

• Supreme Court: Sitting at the pinnacle of the hierarchy is the Supreme Court, the highest court of appeal. It has the power to review decisions made by lower courts and ensure that the law is applied correctly.
• High Courts: Below the Supreme Court, High Courts handle appeals from lower courts. Some High Courts also have original jurisdiction, meaning they can hear cases for the first time without any appeal.
• District Courts: At the base of the pyramid are District Courts, with original jurisdiction. These courts not only handle cases for the first time but also hear appeals from lower courts like Munsifs, Sub Judges and Civil Judges.
• Special Courts: Special courts focus on specific matters, like family law courts, that require specialised expertise and attention.

Criminal Courts Hierarchy: Punishment and Appeals

Criminal courts, on the other hand, address cases involving crimes, offences and punishments. The hierarchy of criminal courts is designed to ensure that justice is served according to the severity of the offence.

• Supreme Court: As in civil cases, the Supreme Court stands as the highest court of appeal in criminal matters. It reviews decisions to guarantee the proper application of the law.
• High Courts: High Courts hear appeals from lower courts and ensure that criminal proceedings are carried out fairly and justly.
• Sessions Courts: These courts handle sentences of all types, including the death penalty (which is subject to confirmation by the High Court).
• Judicial Magistrates: There are two classes of Judicial Magistrates. They deal with various matters and some special courts, like Juvenile Justice Courts, focus on specific cases.